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Four non-trivial pulsatile waveforms were produced by the PID controller, as well as an iterative controller, and the performance of both controllers was evaluated. An Arduino board is used as a micro-controller to control a pump to produce various pulsatile flow rates, and an open-source proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm is developed for this purpose.

A controller system was developed to control a flow loop to produce easily adjustable pulsatile flow rates with sufficient accuracy. Producing accurate pulsatile flow rates is essential for many in vitro experimental studies in biofluid dynamics research.